Learn more about the work of the Carolinas Collaborative, our key products, and the research expertise of our members.

Curriculum Resources

Advocacy Training Essentials (Toolkit): The Carolinas Collaborative combined existing resources from across our eight institutions to develop an outline of key components of advocacy education. These documents provide a rubric for pediatric residency programs both as they develop advocacy programs and enhance existing ones.

You can download a sample of the toolkit here. For the full report, please reach out to us so we can share directly and learn more about how you will use it!

Additional resources will be loaded soon!

About the Collaborative

2023-2024 Annual Report

2022-2023 Annual Report

Addressing Food Insecurity: A Paediatric Academic Advocacy Collaborative Quality Initiative (article published in BMJ, 2024)

The Carolinas Collaborative: How a pediatric residency training program collaborative improved community health and advocacy curricula (abstract published in Academic Pediatrics, 2019)

Residency programs join forces to engage trainees in advocacy efforts (article from AAP news, 2018)

Publications from our members

The Carolinas Collaborative has previously worked on specific focus areas, including early literacy; food insecurity, and adverse experiences. In addition, our members publish on broad issues within the pediatric field as well as the topics of academic medicine and advocacy. Here is a selection of recent publications.

Early Relational Health and Promotion of Early Childhood Literacy

Food Insecurity

Advocacy as Scholarship and the Collaborative Model

Academic Medicine

Other Issues in Pediatric Health

Early Relational Health and Promotion of Early Childhood Literacy (current focus area)

Sinsheimer N, Miller-Fitzwater A, Amati JB, Best DL, Pennington E, Young J, Vander Schaff E, Erickson E. Using QI Methodology to Increase Reach Out and Read Training: A Multi-Site Collaborative. Pediatric Academic Societies National Conference Abstract, submitted November 1, 2023, accepted January 5, 2024, presented May 3, 2024.

Erickson E, Best DL. “Early Childhood Literacy and Emergent Literacy Development.” Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Health, edited by Halpern-Felsher, B. Academic Press, Feb 2023, p325-335.

Amati, JB. Interview for Fox Carolina. Study Shows Transformative Impact of Reach Out and Read. Aired August 31, 2023. https://www.foxcarolina.com/2023/09/01/nonprofit-providing-free-books-doctors-appointments-its-having-big-impact/

Erickson E, Caldwell A, Shearman N, et al. Clinician Perceptions on Literacy Promotion in Pediatric Continuity Clinics. Acad Pediatr. 2022;22(7):1192-1199. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2022.05.021

Connor Garbe M, Bond SL, Boulware C, Merrifield C, Ramos-Hardy T, Dunlap M, Caldwell A, Shearman N, Miller-Fitzwater A. The Effect of Exposure to Reach Out and Read on Shared Reading Behaviors. Acad Pediatr. June 2023. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2023.06.030.

Crotty J, Martin-Herz S, Scharf R. Cognitive Development. Pediatr Rev February 2023; 44 (2): 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2021-005069

Miller-Fitzwater A and Ramachandra U. Facilitator/Moderator of Early Literacy Summit. American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Early Childhood. January 28, 2023.

Food Insecurity

Amati JBA, Mehta S, Buitrago Mogollon T, et al. Addressing Food Insecurity: A Paediatric Academic Advocacy Collaborative Quality Initiative. BMJ Open Quality 2025; 14:e003083. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2024-003083

Amati, JB. Authentic Engagement, Real Impact: Using a Community First Approach to Address Food Insecurity, Together. AAP Voices. March 2024. Authentic Engagement, Real Impact: Using a Community First Approach to Address Food Insecurity (aap.org)

Vander Schaaf EB, Albertini LW, Holloway JP, Eicken M, Roberts J, Best D, Reed S, Maldonado L, Amati JB, Erickson E, Hillenbrand K. A Multi-Site Collaborative Contributes to Resident Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes for Addressing Food Insecurity. PAS, Washington, DC. April 2023. Poster.

Koob C, Stuenkel M, Smolens N, Richardson E, Amati JB, Eicken M, Sease KK. Piloting and Expanding a Food Resource Navigation Model: Using Community Resource Navigators to Address Food Insecurity in a Community Health Setting. American Academy of Health Behavior Scientific Meeting Abstract. Submitted November 2022, accepted December 6, 2022, presented March 2023.

Amati, JB, Mehta S, Buitrago-Mogollon T, Avery C, Gustafson K, Montez K, Crotty J. A Multicenter Resident Quality Improvement Initiative to Address Food Insecurity in the Carolinas. National Association of Healthcare Quality NEXT Annual Conference. Submitted March 7, 2022, accepted May 4, 2022, presented September 2022.

Gordon L, Chandler A, Brown C, Montez K, Haberman C, DeWitt L. Caregiver Perceptions of a Pediatric Hospital-Based Food Pantry and Food Insecurity Screening Tool. Abstract and Poster. Pediatric Academic Societies. Washington, DC. April 2023.

James G, Suarez L, Orr CJ, Montez K, Nandagiri V, Huang A, Cholera R. Food Insecurity Screening and Intervention Strategies in Pediatric Clinics Across the United States: Opportunities for Innovation. Abstract and Poster. Academic Pediatric Association Region IV Conference. Charlottesville, VA. February 2023.

Dean G, Vitolins MZ, Skelton JA, Ip EH, Lucas CB, Brown CL. The association of food insecurity with mental health in preschool-aged children and their parents. Pediatr Res. 2023 Jul;94(1):290-295. doi: 10.1038/s41390-022-02458-1.

McCarthy M, Vitolins MZ, Skelton JA, Ip EH, Lucas CB, Brown CL. A Pilot Study Examining the Association of Parental Stress and Household Food Insecurity with Dietary Quality in Pre-School Aged Children. Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting. Washington DC. April 2023. Poster Presentation.

Ashbrook A, Essel K, Montez K, Bennett-Tejes D. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) & Food Research & Action Center (FRAC). Screen and intervene: A toolkit for pediatricians to address food insecurity. Published 2021. https://frac.org/wp-content/uploads/FRAC_AAP_Toolkit_2021_032122.pdf

Advocacy as Scholarship and the Collaborative Model

Horstmann S, Aligne A, Reed S, Truschel L, Hopkins P, Ventre S, Aabo M. Developing an Advanced Advocacy Curriculum: The Secret to the Secret Sauce. Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting Workshop. May 2024.

Bode S, Anwar E, Best DL, Patel M, Beers L, Kaczorowski J, Solomon B, Chamberlain L. “Pediatric advocacy: Advancement in academic institutions.” Pediatr Res, January 9, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-023-02997-1.

Bode SM, Hoffman BD, Chapman SH, Kaczorowski JM, Best DL, Shah AN, Nerlinger AL, Barnard JA, Loud KJ, Brophy P, Reed AM, Braner, D; Academic Careers in Advocacy: Aligning Institutional Values Through Use of an Advocacy Portfolio. Pediatrics July 2022; 150 (1): e2021055014. 10.1542/peds.2021- 055014. PMID: 35734955

Nerlinger, AL, Best DL, Shah, AN. Advocacy in Pediatric Academia. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 70(1):11-24, Feb 2023. PMID: 36402462

Solomon B, Chamberlain L, Bode S, Best DL, Shah A, Patel M, Beers L, Kaczorowski J. Academic Careers in Advocacy: How to get promoted and make a real-world impact. Presenter at Hot Topic Symposia, Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting, Washington, DC, April 2023.

Albertini L, Mehta S, Sease K, Best DL, Hillenbrand K, Ellis M, Gustafson K, Grant L, Vander Schaaf EB, Erickson E, Holloway J, Wiklacz D, Chamberlain L, & Hoffman B. Carolinas Collaborative: Advocacy Training Essentials Manual. APPD Share Warehouse. 2019 Aug. Co-authored peer-reviewed on-line curriculum manual (https://apps.appd.org/shareWarehouse/index.cfm?page=fileinfo&id=1219&authorid=876)

Ellis M, Hoffman B, Mehta S. The Carolinas Collaborative: How a pediatric residency training program collaborative improved community health and advocacy curricula. Acad Pediatr. 2019. 19(6):e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2019.05.097

Hoffman BD, Rose J, Best D, Linton J, Chapman S, Lossius M, Aligne A, Collins C, Ayoub-Rodriguez L. The Community Pediatrics Training Initiative Project Planning Tool: A Practical Approach to Community-Based Advocacy. MedEdPORTAL. 2017;13:10630. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10630

Academic Medicine

Draper JK, Feltner C, Vander Schaaf EB, Mieses Malchuk A. Preparing Medical Students to Address Health Disparities through Longitudinally Integrated Social Justice Curricula: A Systematic Review of Undergraduate Medical Education Program Evaluations. Academic Medicine, May 2022. PMID 35476779. (Selected as one of Top 10 Med Ed articles at PAS 2023)

Person V, Cureton B, Mubarack SM, Roberts C, Hollis AN, Beck Dallagan G, Vander Schaaf EB. A Tool for Change: Creating and Testing a Health Equity Tool for Medical Curriculum. UNC Academy of Educators Evening of Scholarship, Chapel Hill, NC. May 2023. Poster (awarded best poster)

Aikman I, Leonard S, Sarno L, Sridhar S, Hillenbrand KM. Chief Resident Forum: Rising to the Challenge – Fostering Resilience. Association of Pediatric Program Directors National Meeting, Atlanta GA. March 2023

Omoruyi EA, Brown CL, Orr CJ, Montez K. Examining Pediatric Faculty Compensation by Race, Ethnicity and Gender: 2020-2021. Academic Pediatrics. Published online, June 5, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2023.05.017 PMID: 37285912

Other Issues in Pediatric Health

Amati JB and Brackbill E. Empowering Families and Providers with a Lifestyle Medicine Approach to Pediatric Obesity. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. OnlineFirst April 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276241238682

Gupta D, Eicken M, Thomas D, Kao E, Jeanty M, Macauda M, Kennedy AB, Self S, Hartley J, Rudisill C. “Electronic Medical Records-Based Screening for Social Determinants of Health in Primary Care Practices: Lessons from Early Implementation in a Large Health System.” Academy Health Annual Research Meeting. Abstract and Poster. Presented June 26, 2023.

Kobayashi K, Miller-Fitzwater A, Grier C, Montez K. The Lapse of Federal COVID-19 Funding: Implications for Health Equity. Pediatric Research. 2023;93(4):745-747. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41390- 023-02487-4 PMID 36690748

Stuenkel M, Koob C, Richardson E, Griffin SF, Sease KK (2023). School-based mental health service utilization through the Covid-19 pandemic and beyond. Journal of School Health.

Rigdon J, Montez K, Palakshappa D, Brown CL, Downs SM, Albertini LW, Taxter AJ. Social Risk Factors Influence Pediatric Emergency Room Utilization and Hospitalizations. Journal of Pediatrics. 2022;249:35-42.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.06.004 PMID: 35697140

Touhy PC, Albertini LW, Thompson LA. What Parents Should Know About Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Children. JAMA Pediatr. Published online April 24, 2023. https://jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.0653

Gaffley M, Rauh JL, Gardner A, Palmer R, Haberman C, Petty JK, Neff LP. Storage Practices, Devices, and Presence of Children Among Owners of Firearms: Informing Pediatric Firearm Safety [published online ahead of print, 2023 May 30]. Am Surg. 2023;31348231180932. doi:10.1177/00031348231180932

Brown JR, Turley CB, Jain R, O’Brien B, Arthur N, Malhotra N, Hunt KJ, Armstrong B, Roberts JR. Primary Care Counseling of Parents Regarding Childhood Screen Media Use. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2023 Mar;62(3):198-208. doi: 10.1177/00099228221118147. Epub 2022 Aug 17. PMID: 35978485.

Ford ME, Cartmell KB, Malek AM, Le PNT, Keeve C, Sanders I, Ross J, Slan M, McLauren J, Platt M, Gomez E, Zserai J, Poore B, Cody C, Ladd V, Beattie MS, Sudduth JD, Kreps K, Roberts JR. Evaluation of the First-Year Data from an HPV Vaccination Van Program in South Carolina, U.S. J Clin Med. 2023 Feb 8;12(4):1362. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041362. PMID: 36835898; PMCID: PMC9962054.

McKinnish T, Hunt C, Weinberg S, Perry M, Seashore C, Gold S, Vander Schaaf EB. A Quality Improvement Approach to Enhance LGBTQ+ Inclusivity in Pediatric Primary Care. Pediatrics. 2022 Aug 1;150(2):e2021052125. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-052125.

Darden PM, Davis AM, Lee JY, Bimali M, Simon AE, Atz AM, Lim CS, Phan TT, Roberts JR, McCulloh RJ, Pyles L, Shaffer M, Snowden JN. Active vs Traditional Methods of Recruiting Children for a Clinical Trial in Rural Primary Care Clinics: A Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Nov 1;5(11):e2244040. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.44040.

Wichelt N, Roberts R, Mills MP, Osorio R, Brown C, Montez K. Perceptions of a Clinical Program to Address Menstrual Poverty: A Mixed Methods Study. Abstract and Poster. Academic Pediatric Association Regional IV Conference. Charlottsville, VA. February 2023.

KK Sease and JB Amati. “Housing First” for Optimal Child Health. Pediatrics. 2019:144(2).  https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0500

2024-2025 AY References and Links:

  1. Ali S, Gibbs SE, Wiseman KD, Zoellner J, Móntez K, Taxter AJ, Suarez M, Hindel L, Lewis KH. A Qualitative Study to Understand Parental, Health Care Provider, and WIC Nutritionist Perspectives on Health Family Beverage Choices for WIC-enrolled Families in the Southeastern US Health System. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2025;29(5):628-638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-025-4075-w. PMID: 40167858
  2. Amati JB, Mehta S, Buitrago-Mogollon T, Maldonado L, Sease KK, Best DL, Montez K, Vander Schaaf E, Erickson E, Holloway J, Gustafson K, Roberts J, Avery C. Addressing Food Insecurity: A Pediatric Academic Advocacy Collaborative Quality Initiative. BMJ Open Quality 2025;14: e003083. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2024-003083. 
  3. Anwar E, Chung R, Bautista D, Chamberlain L, Best DL. “The Academic Pediatrician-Advocate: A View from Government Relations Officials of United States Freestanding Children’s Hospitals.” J Pediatr 278 (March 2025): 114335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114335.
  4. American Academy of Pediatrics, Móntez K, eds. Pediatric Collections: Food Insecurity. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2025.
  5. Carolan M. White Paper: The Carolinas Collaborative, Community Pediatrics and Innovative Approaches to Pediatric Food Insecurity.  Institute for Child Success. August 2024. https://www.instituteforchildsuccess.org/resources/resource/carolinas-collaborative-community-pediatrics/ 
  6. Dammann CE, Móntez K., Mathur M, Alderman SL, Bunik M, the Council on Community Pediatrics, Council on Early Childhood, Section on Breastfeeding, and Section on Neonatal Perinatal Medicine. Paid Family and Medical Leave Policy Statement. Pediatrics. 2024;154(5):e2024068958. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2024-068958. PMID: 39463256.
  7. DeWitt L, Móntez K, Brown CL. Inpatient Food Insecurity is Associated with Increased Length of Stay and Readmission Rate. JAMA Pediatrics. 2024;178(11):1216-1217. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.3092. PMID: 39283626
  8. Emerson C, Koob C, Sease K. et al. Employing a Phased, Interdisciplinary Approach Across Healthcare and School Settings: mHealth Adaptations for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder At-Risk of Experiencing Obesity. J Autism Dev Disord (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06666-y
  9. Essel K, Móntez K. EQIPP Course: Promoting Food Insecurity [online course]. PediaLink. American Academy of Pediatrics . 01/31/2025. https://www.aap.org/en/catalog/categories/pedialink-eqipp-courses/eqipp-promoting-food-security/
  10. Jones C, Reilly K, Peacock B, Denizard-Thompson N, Walters-Stewart A, McDowell LD, Valente J, Aguilar AA, Lischke M, Móntez K. Connecting with the Community: Perceptions of a Community Tour. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science. 2024;8(1):e113. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2024.588. PMID: 39345702
  11. Garg A, Branley CE, Móntez K. USPSTF Recommendations for Screening for Food Insecurity: Silver Linings Amidst a Cloudy Future. JAMA. 2025;333(15):1302-1304. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.1021. PMID: 40067318
  12. Gezer F, Howard K, Bennett K, Litwin A, Sease KK, Rennert L. Predicting mobile health clinic utilization for COVID-19 vaccination in South Carolina: A statistical framework for strategic resource allocation. PLOS Glob Public Health 5(6): e0003837. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003837
  13. Howard K, Griffin S, Rolke L, Venable J, Stuenkel M, Sease KK. Exploration of individual and context features of a bicycle skills program for riding injury prevention knowledge and self-efficacy among children. Journal of Transport & Health. August 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2025.102050
  14. Klass P, Miller-Fitzwater A,  High P. COUNCIL ON EARLY CHILDHOOD; Literacy Promotion: An Essential Component of Primary Care Pediatric Practice: Policy Statement. Pediatrics December 2024; 154 (6): e2024069090. 10.1542/peds.2024-069090
  15. Klass P, Mendelsohn A, Hutton J, Dunlap M,  Anderson A, High P, Navsaria D, Miller-Fitzwater A, COUNCIL ON EARLY CHILDHOOD; Literacy Promotion: An Essential Component of Primary Care Pediatric Practice: Technical Report. Pediatrics December 2024; 154 (6): e2024069091. 10.1542/peds.2024-069091
  16. Koob C, Griffin S, Stuenkel M, Cartmell K, Sease KK. Supporting the Advancement of a National Agenda for Pediatric Healthcare Reform: A multi-year Evaluation of a Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities Program. Matern Child Health J 29, 205–216 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-025-04040-7
  17. Koob C, Griffin S, Cartmell K, Rennert L, Sease KK. Examining outpatient occupational therapy utilization among children and youth with special health care needs in South Carolina: A structural equation model of individual- and community-level factors. Disability and Health Journal. January 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2024.101687
  18. Lee, Grace S., Melissa C. Nguyen, Mariana Glusman, Alyssa Cohen, Nikki Shearman, Ashaunta Anderson, Clare Crosh, Tracy Truong, Teandra Ramos, and Elizabeth Erickson. “Discussing Race With Families With Young Children: Pediatric Clinician Attitudes and Practice.” J Dev Behav Pediatr, July 3, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000001380.
  19.   McCarthy M, Cain KS, Meyer SC, Móntez K, Palakshappa D, Brown CL. Association of Food Insecurity with Mental Health Outcomes in Parents and Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Progress Report. Academic Pediatrics. 2025;25(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2025.102804
  20.   Midgette Y,* Halvorson EE, Gomez Y,* Lassiter R,* de la Vega G,* Chandler A, Strahley A, Hanson S, Akinola MO, Móntez K. Provider and Family Perceptions of Health Disparities in the NICU: A Qualitative Study. Academic Pediatrics. 2025;25(1):e102548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2024.07.015. PMID: 39069230.
  21. Minnick C,* Strowd R, Murray M,* Krishnamurthy S,* Soltany A,* Móntez K. Medical Student Perspectives on Advocacy and Health Policy Curricula. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science. 2025;9(1):e61. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2025.35. PMID: 40201646
  22. Móntez K. Introduction. In: American Academy of Pediatrics, Montez K, eds. Pediatric Collections: Food Insecurity. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2025:1.
  23. Móntez K, Essel K. Feeding Your Family: Help is Available. Healthy Children – American Academy of Pediatrics. 11/27/2024. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/Community/Pages/feeding-your-family-help-is-available.aspx
  24.  Móntez K, Essel K. Healthy Meals for Children at School and During Breaks. Healthy Children – American Academy of Pediatrics. 1/28/2025. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/Community/Pages/healthy-meals-for-children-at-school-and-during-breaks.aspx
  25.   Móntez K. The Importance of Food Insecurity Interventions. American Academy of Pediatrics Voices Blog. 02/04/2025. https://www.aap.org/en/news-room/aap-voices/the-importance-of-food-security-interventions/
  26. Rennert L, Gezer F, Jayawardena I, Howard K, Bennett K, Litwin A, Sease KK. Mobile health clinics for distribution of vaccinations to underserved communities during health emergencies: A COVID-19 case study. Public Health in Practice. December 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2024.100550
  27. Robles JM, Dressler EV, Kittel C, Nightingale CL, Kyono WT, Santacroce SJ, Salsman JM, Móntez K, Prasad P, Sugalski AJ, Ohlsen TJD, Zheng DJ, Parsons SK, Beauchemin MP, on behalf of the Landscape Committee. Pediatric Cancer Care Processes on Financial Distress Screening and Financial Navigation within the National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program. JCO Oncology Practice. 2025;21(5):629-636 https://doi.org/10.1200/OP-24-00786. PMID: 39913871
  28. Robles JM, Móntez K. Targeting SDOH inequities in hematologic malignancies. Blood Advances. 2025;9(6):14721473. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2024015741. PMID: 40131309
  29. Rigdon J, Móntez K, Palakshappa D, Brown CL, Downs SM, Albertini LW, Taxter AJ. Predicting Food Insecurity in a Pediatric Population using the Electronic Health Record. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science. 2024;8(1):e195. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2024.645. PMID 39655033.
  30. Russell P, Wilson C, Brackbill EL, Amati JB. Rica Salud/Rich Health! Assessing Social Determinants of Health and Comorbid Conditions Among Children Enrolled in a Bilingual Lifestyle Medicine Program. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 2025, 19(1) (suppl) DOI:10.1177/15598276231319069. 
  31. Stuenkel M, Koob C, Richardson E, Smolens N, Eicken M, Amati JB, Sease KK. Process Evaluation of a Pilot Food Insecurity Resource Navigation Program Integrated Within Pediatric Primary Care: Utilizing RE-AIM to Inform Program Scale-up. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 30(6): p E344-E352, November/December 2024. DOI: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000002038.
  32. Wichelt N,* Móntez K, Roberts R,* Mills MP*, Osorio R,* Greene I,* de la Vega G,* Brown C. Perceptions of a Clinical Program to Address Menstrual Poverty. Pediatrics. 2025;155(6):e2024068710. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2024-068710. PMID: 40360178
  33. Zimmer R, Srahley A, Aguilar A, Móntez K, Palakshappa D, Hanchate A, Pulgar CA, Yang M, Kirby-Straker R, Dixon C, Brown CL. Using the Environmental Health Disparities Framework to Understand Black and Latino Perspectives of a Local Fertilizer Plant Fire. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:2817. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20235-z. PMID: 39402548